Native forests of New Zealand
The native forests of Aotearoa are a vital part of our natural heritage, shaping our landscape, culture, and identity. These unique ecosystems, which once covered more than 80% of our land, now occupy just under 25% of our total land area. Despite this significant reduction, our remaining native forests continue to play a crucial role in biodiversity conservation, cultural significance, and environmental health.
The Rich Tapestry of Native Forest Types
Our native forests are incredibly diverse, reflecting the varied climates and landscapes across the country. They can be broadly categorised into three main types:
- Kauri-podocarp-broadleaved forests
- Podocarp-broadleaved forests
- Beech forests
Each of these forest types hosts a unique array of plant and animal species, many of which are found nowhere else on Earth.
Kauri Forests
Once dominating the northern regions, kauri forests are now restricted to small pockets in Northland and the Coromandel Peninsula. These ancient giants, some over 1,000 years old, create a distinct ecosystem around them. However, kauri dieback disease poses a significant threat to their survival, necessitating stringent conservation measures.
Podocarp-Broadleaved Forests
These forests are characterised by towering podocarps such as rimu, kahikatea, and tōtara, interspersed with broadleaf species. Sadly, only 2% of our original kahikatea forests remain, mostly in fragments on private land. These lowland forests are particularly under-represented in protected areas, highlighting the need for increased conservation efforts.
Beech Forests
Beech forests dominate many of our mountain ranges, particularly in the South Island. These hardy trees form the backbone of vast forest ecosystems, supporting a wide range of native birds, insects, and fungi.
Biodiversity Hotspots
Our native forests are home to an extraordinary range of endemic species. Over 80% of our native plants and 90% of our insects are found nowhere else in the world. This unique biodiversity makes our forests invaluable on a global scale.
However, the health of these ecosystems is under threat. Between 1974 and 2002, the proportion of forest land occupied by endemic birds reduced from 16% to 5% in the North Island, and from 23% to 16% in the South Island. This decline underscores the urgent need for comprehensive conservation strategies.
Cultural Significance
For Māori, native forests are deeply intertwined with cultural identity and spiritual beliefs. Many native trees, such as tōtara and kauri, hold significant cultural value, being used traditionally for building waka (canoes), whare (houses), and creating intricate carvings.
The concept of kaitiakitanga (guardianship) is central to Māori relationships with the forest. This traditional ecological knowledge, combined with modern conservation practices, offers a powerful approach to forest management and restoration.
Environmental Benefits
Native forests provide a multitude of environmental services that are crucial for our wellbeing:
- Carbon Sequestration: Native forests act as significant carbon sinks, helping to mitigate climate change. The Climate Change Commission has recommended establishing nearly 300,000 hectares of new native forests within the next 15 years to support our climate goals.
- Soil Conservation: The extensive root systems of native trees help prevent soil erosion, particularly important in our steep, erosion-prone landscapes.
- Water Quality: Forested catchments play a vital role in maintaining water quality in our rivers and streams, filtering pollutants and regulating water flow.
- Biodiversity Support: Native forests provide critical habitats for our unique flora and fauna, including endangered species like the kiwi.
Conservation Efforts and Challenges
Despite their immense value, our native forests face numerous threats, including habitat fragmentation, invasive species, and climate change. However, there are promising conservation initiatives underway:
- Predator Control: Programmes like Predator Free 2050 aim to eliminate introduced predators that threaten native wildlife.
- Restoration Projects: Organisations such as the Native Forest Restoration Trust are working to protect and restore native forest habitats across the country.
- Sustainable Management: Initiatives promoting sustainable native forestry, such as the Northland tōtara project, demonstrate how conservation and limited resource use can coexist.
- Community Involvement: Many community groups and iwi are actively involved in reforestation and pest control efforts, showcasing the power of grassroots conservation.
Looking to the Future
As we face the dual challenges of biodiversity loss and climate change, the importance of our native forests cannot be overstated. Efforts to protect and restore these ecosystems must be intensified, involving collaboration between government agencies, iwi, landowners, and community groups.
The future of our native forests lies in a holistic approach that combines traditional knowledge with modern science, sustainable management practices, and a renewed appreciation for the intrinsic value of these ecosystems. By nurturing our native forests, we not only preserve our natural heritage but also invest in a more resilient and sustainable future for all New Zealanders.